Female Infertility

1. What is female infertility?

Female infertility is the inability of a woman to conceive (get pregnant) after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse.

  • Ovulation disorders (e.g., PCOS, hormonal imbalance)

  • Blocked fallopian tubes (due to infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis)

  • Uterine problems (fibroids, polyps, congenital defects)

  • Age-related decline (egg quality reduces after 35 years)

  • Endometriosis (tissue growth outside uterus)

  • Unexplained infertility (no clear cause found)

  • Irregular or absent menstrual cycles

  • Very heavy or very light periods

  • Pelvic pain (in case of endometriosis or infection)

  • Difficulty conceiving despite regular attempts

  • Medications – to stimulate ovulation (Clomiphene, Letrozole, Gonadotropins)

  • Surgery – to remove fibroids, endometriosis, or correct blocked tubes

  • Lifestyle changes – healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management

  • Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART):

    • IUI (Intrauterine Insemination)

    • IVF (In-vitro Fertilization)

    • ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

    • Egg donation (in case of poor ovarian reserve)

Fertility starts declining after 30 and reduces sharply after 35 years, because egg count and quality decrease with age.